http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome
Congenital rubella
syndrome features:
The classic triad for
congenital rubella syndrome is:
§
Sensorineural
deafness (58% of patients)
§
Eye
abnormalities—especially retinopathy,cataract and microphthalmia (43%
of patients)
Other manifestations of
CRS may include:
§
Spleen, liver or bone marrow problems
(some of which may disappear shortly after birth)
§
Small head size (microcephaly)
§
Eye defects
§
Low birth weight
§
Thrombocytopenic purpura (presents as
a characteristicblueberry muffin rash)
Children who have been
exposed to rubella in the womb should also be watched closely as they age for
any indication of the following:
§
Diabetes
§
Glaucoma
Rubella
Symtoms ,incubation period
After an incubation period
of 14–21 days, German measles causes
symptoms that are similar to the flu.
The primary symptom of
rubella virus infection is the appearance of a rash (exanthem) on the face
which spreads to the trunk and limbs
and usually fades after three days
(that is why it is often referred to as three-day measles).The facial rash
usually clears as it spreads to other parts of the body.
Other symptoms include low grade fever, swollen glands
(sub occipital & posterior cervical lymphadenopathy), joint pains, headache and conjunctivitis.[6] The swollen glands or lymph nodes can persist for up to a week and the fever rarely rises above 38 oC (100.4 oF).
The rash of German measles is
typically pink or light red. The rash causes itching and often lasts for about three days. The rash disappears
after a few days with no staining or peeling of the skin. When the rash clears
up, the skin might shed in very small flakes where the rash covered it.
Forchheimer's sign occurs in
20% of cases, and is characterized by small, red papuleson the area of the soft palate.
Rubella virus?
The disease is caused by
Rubella virus, a togavirus that is enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA
genome.[9] The
virus is transmitted by the respiratory route and replicates in the nasopharynx and lymph
nodes.
Diagnosis
Rubella virus specific IgM antibodies are present in people recently infected by
Rubella virus but these antibodies can persist for over a year and a positive
test result needs to be interpreted with caution.[12] The
presence of these antibodies along with, or a short time after, the
characteristic rash confirms the diagnosis.
Vaccination?
Rubella infections are prevented
by active immunisation programs using live, disabled virus vaccines.
Two live attenuated virus
vaccines, RA 27/3 and Cendehill strains, were effective in the prevention of
adult disease.
However their use in prepubertile
females did not produce a significant fall in the overall incidence rate of CRS
in the UK. Reductions were only achieved by immunisation of all children.
Vaccination in children?
The vaccine is now usually given
as part of the MMR vaccine.
The WHO recommends
the first dose is given at 12
to 18 months of age with a second dose at 36 months.
Pregnant women are usually tested
for immunity to rubella early on. Women found to be susceptible are not vaccinated until after the
baby is born because the vaccine contains live virus.[
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