asthma

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3Z76BXdum8FZE1GRTR3SFpZVVE/edit?pli=1

asthma

psoriasis

1. Regarding psoriasis:

A.                The prevalence is 1-3%     T (affecting about 2 % of population)

B.                 Can be induced by chloroquine T

C.                 Itchy is a dominant feature F

D.                Associated with increase DNA synthesis T

E.         Calciptriol is one of the treatment T

TB

Chest X-Ray Findings that Can Suggest ACTIVE TB

This category comprises all findings typically associated with active pulmonary TB. An applicant with any of the following findings must submit sputum specimens for examination.

1. Infiltrate or consolidation - Opacification of airspaces within the lung parenchyma. Consolidation or infiltrate can be dense or patchy and might have irregular, ill-defined, or hazy borders.
2. Any cavitary lesion - Lucency (darkened area) within the lung parenchyma, with or without irregular margins that might be surrounded by an area of airspace consolidation or infiltrates, or by nodular or fibrotic (reticular) densities, or both. The walls surrounding the lucent area can be thick or thin. Calcification can exist around a cavity.
3. Nodule with poorly defined margins - Round density within the lung parenchyma, also called a tuberculoma. Nodules included in this category are those with margins that are indistinct or poorly defined. The surrounding haziness can be either subtle or readily apparent and suggests coexisting airspace consolidation.
4. Pleural effusion - Presence of a significant amount of fluid within the pleural space. This finding must be distinguished from blunting of the costophrenic angle, which may or may not represent a small amount of fluid within the pleural space (except in children when even minor blunting must be considered a finding that can suggest active TB).
5. Hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy (bihilar lymphadenopathy) - Enlargement of lymph nodes in one or both hila or within the mediastinum, with or without associated atelectasis or consolidation.
6. Linear, interstitial disease (in children only) - Prominence of linear, interstitial (septal) markings.
7. Other - Any other finding suggestive of active TB, such as miliary TB. Miliary findings are nodules of millet size (1 to 2 millimeters) distributed throughout the parenchyma.

Diazepam

Diazepam ( /daɪˈæzɨpæm/), first marketed as Valium ( /ˈvæliəm/) byHoffmann-La Roche, is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex.


 It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizuresincluding status epilepticus, muscle spasms (such as in cases of tetanus),restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal, benzodiazepine withdrawal andMénière's disease.


Adverse effects
Adverse effects of diazepam include anterograde amnesia (especially at higher doses) and sedation, as well as paradoxical effects such as excitement, rage or worsening of seizures in epileptics. 
Benzodiazepines also can cause or worsendepression. 

Long-term effects of benzodiazepines such as diazepam include tolerance, benzodiazepine dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome upon dose reduction; additionally, after cessation of benzodiazepines, cognitivedeficits may persist for at least six months and may not fully return to normal; however, it was suggested that longer than six months may be needed for recovery from some deficits.^[4] 


Diazepam also has physical dependence potential and can cause serious problems of physical dependence with long term use. 

asia chart

http://boneandspine.com/spine/what-is-asia-score-and-how-it-helps-in-classification-of-spinal-injury/

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)

Definition?

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a condition that results in the complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens.^[1][2][3] 

What happened?

·        The unresponsiveness of the cell to the presence of androgenic hormones prevents the masculinization of male genitalia in the developing fetus, as well as the development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty,

·        but does not significantly impair female genital or sexual development.^[3][4] 

As such, the insensitivity to androgens is only clinically significant when it occurs in genetic males (i.e. individuals with a Y chromosome, or more specifically, an SRY gene).^[1] 

All affected individuals are phenotypically female; they develop a normal female habitus, despite the presence of a Y chromosome.

clasificaion

CAIS is one of three types of androgen insensitivity syndrome, which is divided into three categories that are differentiated by the degree of genital masculinization:

·        complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is indicated when the external genitalia is that of a normal female, 

Androgen insensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46,XYundermasculinization.

Diagnosis

CAIS can only be diagnosed in normal phenotypic females.^[2] 

·        It is not usually suspected unless the menses fail to develop at puberty, or an inguinal hernia presents during premenarche.^[1][2] 

·        As many as 1-2% of prepubertal girls that present with an inguinal hernia will also have CAIS.^[1][18]

·        A diagnosis of CAIS or Swyer syndrome can be made in utero by comparing akaryotype obtained by amniocentesis with the external genitalia of the fetus during a prenatal ultrasound.^[2][61]